Remembrance Day

Remembrance Day
Remembrance Day
Remembrance Day in Canada. The memorial at the McCrae House (detail view); two Canadian-style poppy pins can be seen resting on the sculpture.
Official name Remembrance Day
Also called Poppy Day, Armistice Day
Observed by Commonwealth of Nations
Significance Commemorates Commonwealth war dead
Date 11 November
Observances Parades, silences
Related to Veterans Day

Remembrance Day – also known as Poppy Day, Armistice Day (the event it commemorates) or Veterans Day – is a Commonwealth holiday to commemorate the sacrifices of members of the armed forces and of civilians in times of war, specifically since the First World War. It is observed on 11 November to recall the end of World War I on that date in 1918 (major hostilities of World War I were formally ended "at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month" of 1918 with the German signing of the Armistice). The day was specifically dedicated by King George V, on 7 November 1919, to the observance of members of the armed forces who were killed during war; this was possibly done upon the suggestion of Edward George Honey to Wellesley Tudor Pole, who established two ceremonial periods of remembrance based on events in 1917.[1]

(Note that "at the 11th hour", refers to the passing of the 11th hour, i.e. 11:00 am.)

In the United Kingdom, Armed Forces' Day (formerly Veterans' Day) is a separate commemoration, celebrated for the first time on 27 June 2009.

Contents

Observance in the Commonwealth

Remembrance Day, London, 2006.

Common British, Canadian, South African, and ANZAC traditions include two minutes of silence at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month (11:00 am, 11 November), as that marks the time (in the United Kingdom) when armistice became effective.

The Service of Remembrance in many Commonwealth countries generally includes the sounding of "Last Post", followed by the two minutes of silence, followed by the sounding of "Reveille" (or, more commonly, "The Rouse"), and finished by a recitation of the "Ode of Remembrance". The "Flowers of the Forest", "O Valiant Hearts", "I Vow to Thee, My Country" and "Jerusalem" are often played during the service. Services also include wreaths laid to honour the fallen, a blessing, and national anthems.[2]

Australia

In Australia Remembrance Day is always observed on 11 November, although the day is not a public holiday. Services are held at 11am at war memorials and schools in suburbs and towns across the country, at which "Last Post" is sounded by a bugler and a one-minute silence is observed. In recent decades, however, Remembrance Day has been partly eclipsed by ANZAC Day (25 April) as the national day of war commemoration.

Barbados

The Cenotaph War Memorial in Bridgetown, Barbados. (2000)

In Barbados, Remembrance Day is not a public holiday. It is recognized as November 11, yet the parade and ceremonial events are carried out on Remembrance Sunday.[3] The day is celebrated to recognise the Barbadian soldiers who died fighting in the first and second world wars between 1914 to 1918 and 1939 to 1945. The parade is held at National Heroes' Square where a interdenominational service is held.[4] The Governor-General and Barbadian Prime Minister are among those who attend, along with other government dignitaries; and the heads of the police and military forces. During the main ceremony a gun salute, wreathes, and prayers are also performed at the war memorial Cenotaph at the heart of Heroes' Square in Bridgetown.

Bermuda

Remembrance Day Parade, Hamilton, Bermuda, 1991

In Bermuda, which sent the first colonial volunteer unit to the Western Front in 1915, and which had more people per capita in uniform during the Second World War than any other part of the Empire, Remembrance Day is still an important holiday. The parade in Hamilton had historically been a large and colourful one, as contingents from the Royal Navy, British Regular Army, the local Territorial units, the Canadian Forces, the US Army, Air Force, and Navy, and various cadet corps and other services were all contributed at one time or another to march with the veterans. Since the closing of British, Canadian, and American bases in 1995, the parade has barely grown smaller. In addition to the ceremony held in the City of Hamilton on Remembrance Day itself, marching to the Cenotaph (a smaller replica of the one in London), where wreathes are laid and orations made, a smaller military parade is also held in St. George's on the nearest Sunday to Remembrance Day.[5]

Canada

In Canada, Remembrance Day is a public holiday in all provinces and territories except Ontario, Quebec, and Manitoba. The official national ceremonies are held at the National War Memorial in Ottawa, presided over by the Governor General of Canada, any members of the Canadian Royal Family (such as Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, in 2009),[6] the Prime Minister, and other dignitaries, to the observance of the public. Typically, these events begin with the tolling of the Carillon in the Peace Tower, during which serving members of the Canadian Forces (CF) arrive at Confederation Square, followed by the Ottawa diplomatic corps, Ministers of the Crown, special guests, the Royal Canadian Legion (RCL), the viceregal party, and, if present, the royal party. Before the start of the ceremony, four armed sentries and three sentinels– two flag sentinels and one nursing sister– are posted at the foot of the cenotaph.

Poppies are laid on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Remembrance Day in Ottawa.

The arrival of the Queen or Governor General is announced by a trumpeter sounding the "Alert", whereupon the monarch or viceroy is met by the Dominion President of the RCL and escorted to a dais to receive the Royal or Viceregal Salute, after which the national anthem, "O Canada", is played. The moment of remembrance begins with the bugling of "Last Post" immediately before 11:00 am, at which time the gun salute fires and the bells of the Peace Tower toll the hour. Another gun salute signals the end of the two minutes of silence, and cues the playing of a lament, and then the bugling of "The Rouse". A flypast of Canadian Air Command craft then occurs at the start of a 21 gun salute, upon the completion of which a choir sings "In Flanders Fields". The various parties then lay their wreaths at the base of the memorial; one wreath is set by the Silver Cross Mother, a recent recipient of the Memorial Cross, on behalf of all mothers who lost children in any of Canada's armed conflicts. The royal and/or viceregal group return to the dais to receive the playing of the Royal Anthem of Canada, "God Save the Queen", prior to the assembled Armed Forces personnel and veterans performing a march past in front of the royal and/or viceregal persons, bringing about the end of the official ceremonies.[7] A tradition of paying more personal tribute to the sacrifice of those who have served and lost their lives in defence of the country has emerged since erection of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the War Memorial in 2000: after the official ceremony the general public place their poppies atop the tomb.

The military Remembrance Day parade in Ottawa.

Similar ceremonies take place in provincial capitals across the country, officiated by the relevant Lieutenant Governor, as well as in other cities, towns, and even hotels or corporate headquarters. Schools will usually hold special assemblies for the first half of the day, or on the school day prior, with various presentations concerning the remembrance of the war dead. The largest indoor ceremony in Canada is currently held in Montreal, Quebec,[8] followed in size by that held in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, with over 8,500 gathering in Credit Union Centre in 2008;[9] the ceremony participants include old guard (veterans), new guard (currently serving members of the CF), and sea, army, and air cadet units.

Hong Kong

The Hong Kong Police Band at the memorial service by the Cenotaph in Central, Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Police Band matching by the Legislative Council Building on Remembrance Sunday

Though not a public holiday, the Remembrance Sunday is observed in Hong Kong, and is marked by a multi-faith memorial service at the Cenotaph in Central, Hong Kong. The service is organised by the Hong Kong Ex-servicemen Association, and is attended by various Government officials and the representatives of various religious traditions (such as the Anglican Church, the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Buddhist community, the Taoist community, the Muslim community and the Sikh community).

Although Hong Kong ceased to be part of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1997, the memorial service still resembles those in many other Commonwealth countries. The service includes the sounding of "Last Post", two minutes of silence, the sounding of "Reveille", the laying of wreaths, prayers, and ends with a recitation of the "Ode of Remembrance. The Hong Kong Police Force Pipe Band continues to perform their ceremonial duty at the service.

New Zealand

New Zealand's national day of remembrance is Anzac Day, 25 April.[10] "Poppy Day" usually occurs on the Friday before Anzac Day.[11] Armistice Day was observed in New Zealand between the world wars, although it was always secondary to Anzac Day. As in other countries, New Zealand's Armistice Day was converted to Remembrance Day after World War II, but this was not a success. By the mid 1950s the day was virtually ignored, even by churches and veterans' organisations.[12] A few ceremonies are still held on Remembrance Day, and also on 11 November.[13]

South Africa

In South Africa, Poppy Day is not a public holiday. It takes place on the Saturday nearest to Remembrance Day, though in Cape Town a Remembrance Service is still held on 11 November each year.[14] Commemoration ceremonies are usually held on the following Sunday, at which the "Last Post" is played by a bugler followed by the observation of a two-minute silence. The two largest commemoration ceremonies to mark the event in South Africa are held in Johannesburg at the Cenotaph (where it has been held for 84 consecutive years), and at the War Memorial at the Union Buildings in Pretoria. Many high schools hold Remembrance Day services to honour the past pupils who died in the two World Wars and the Border war. In addition, the South African Legion holds a street collection to gather funds to assist in the welfare work among military veterans.[14]

United Kingdom

Memorials outside London's Westminster Abbey for Remembrance Day, 2002.

In the United Kingdom, although two minutes of silence are observed on 11 November itself, the main observance is on the second Sunday of November, Remembrance Sunday. Ceremonies are held at local war memorials, usually organised by local branches of the Royal British Legion – an association for ex-servicemen. Typically, poppy wreaths are laid by representatives of the Crown, the armed forces, and local civic leaders, as well as by local organisations including ex-servicemen organisations, cadet forces, the Scouts, Guides, Boys' Brigade, St John Ambulance and the Salvation Army. The start and end of the silence is often also marked by the firing of a cannon. A minute's or two minutes' silence is also frequently incorporated into church services. Further wreath-laying ceremonies are observed at most war memorials across the UK at 11 am on the 11th of November, led by the Royal British Legion.[15] The beginning and end of the two minutes silence is often marked in large towns and cities by the firing of ceremonial cannon[16] and many employers, and businesses invite their staff and customers to observe the two minutes silence at 11:00 am.[17]

The First Two Minute Silence in London (11 November 1919) was reported in the Manchester Guardian on 12 November 1919:

The first stroke of eleven produced a magical effect. The tram cars glided into stillness, motors ceased to cough and fume, and stopped dead, and the mighty-limbed dray horses hunched back upon their loads and stopped also, seeming to do it of their own volition. Someone took off his hat, and with a nervous hesitancy the rest of the men bowed their heads also. Here and there an old soldier could be detected slipping unconsciously into the posture of 'attention'. An elderly woman, not far away, wiped her eyes, and the man beside her looked white and stern. Everyone stood very still ... The hush deepened. It had spread over the whole city and become so pronounced as to impress one with a sense of audibility. It was a silence which was almost pain ... And the spirit of memory brooded over it all.[18]

The Cenotaph at Whitehall, London on Remembrance Day 2004

The main national commemoration is held at Whitehall, in Central London, for dignitaries, the public, and ceremonial detachments from the armed forces and civilian uniformed services such as the Merchant Navy, Her Majesty's Coastguard, etc. Members of the British Royal Family walk through the Foreign and Commonwealth Office towards the Cenotaph, assembling to the right of the monument to wait for Big Ben to strike 11:00 am, and for the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery at Horse Guards Parade, to fire the cannon marking the commencement of the two minutes of silence. Following this, "Last Post" is sounded by the buglers of the Royal Marines. "The Rouse" is then sounded by the trumpeters of the Royal Air Force, after which wreaths are laid by the Queen and senior members of the Royal Family attending in military uniform and then, to "Beethoven's Funeral March" (composed by Johann Heinrich Walch), attendees in the following order: the Prime Minister; the leaders of the major political parties from all parts of the United Kingdom; Commonwealth High Commissioners to London, on behalf of their respective nations; the Foreign Secretary, on behalf of the British Dependencies; the First Sea Lord; the Chief of the General Staff; the Chief of the Air Staff; representatives of the merchant navy and Fishing Fleets and the merchant air service. Other members of the Royal Family usually watch the service from the balcony of the Foreign Office. The service is generally conducted by the Bishop of London, with a choir from the Chapels Royal, in the presence of representatives of all major faiths in the United Kingdom. Before the marching commences, the members of the Royal Family and public sing the national anthem before the Royal Delegation lead out after the main service.

Members of the Reserve Forces and cadet organisations join in with the marching, alongside volunteers from St John Ambulance, paramedics from the London Ambulance Service, and conflict veterans from World War II, the Falklands, Kosovo, Bosnia, Northern Ireland, other past conflicts and the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan. The last three British-resident veterans of World War I, Bill Stone, Henry Allingham, and Harry Patch, attended the 2008 ceremony but all died in 2009. After the service, there is a parade of veterans, who also lay wreaths at the foot of the Cenotaph as they pass, and a salute is taken by a member of the Royal Family at Horse Guards Parade.

Northern Ireland

Remembrance Day is officially observed in Northern Ireland in the same way as in the rest of the United Kingdom. However the day has tended to be associated with the unionist community and ignored or opposed by nationalists. This is partly because of the inclusion of British symbols such as the Union Flag and the British national anthem. From early in the Troubles, the nationalist community's antagonism towards the British Army also resulted in opposition to remembrance events, especially since soldiers killed in the Troubles were frequently commemorated on Remembrance Day. However some nationalists, especially Catholic priests, began to attend Remembrance Day events as a way to connect with the unionist community. In 1987 a bomb was detonated by Provisional IRA terrorists just before a Remembrance Day ceremony in Enniskillen, killing eleven people. The bombing was widely condemned, and attendance at Remembrance events, by both nationalists and unionists, rose in the following years.[19]

Outside the Commonwealth

France and Belgium

Armistice Day (November 11) is a national holiday in France and Belgium. It commemorates the armistice signed between the Allies and Germany at Compiègne, France, for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front, which took effect at eleven o'clock in the morning - the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month." Armistice Day is one the most important military celebrations in France, since it was the last major French victory and the French paid a heavy price in blood to achieve it. The First World War was considered in France as the "Great Patriotic War" [20]. Almost all French villages feature memorials dedicated to those fallen during the conflict[21].

Germany

In Germany, Armistice or Remembrance Day is not commemorated. Moreover, 11 November would be seen as an inappropriate date for such a holiday, as it traditionally marks the beginning of a German carnival. However, Volkstrauertag is commemorated. Originally this was on the fifth Sunday before Easter, but since 1952, has been celebrated two Sundays before the beginning of Advent. It has never been celebrated in the church since both the major German churches have their own festivals for commemorating the dead (All Souls Day in the case of the Roman Catholic Church, Ewigkeitssonntag, or "Eternity Sunday" in the case of the Lutheran church. Both festivals also fall in November.)

Italy

In Italy, servicemen who died for the nation are remembered on 4 November, when the ceasefire that followed the Armistice of Villa Giusti in 1918 began. Since 1977, this day has not been a public holiday; now, many services are held on the first Sunday of November.[22]

The Netherlands

In the Netherlands, Remembrance Day is commemorated annually on 4 May. It is not a public holiday. Throughout the country, military personnel and civilians fallen in various conflicts are remembered. The main ceremonies are at the Waalsdorpervlakte near The Hague, the Grebbeberg near Wageningen and at Dam Square in Amsterdam. 2 minutes of silence are observed at 8.00pm. Remembrance Day is followed by Liberation Day on 5 May.

Republic of Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland, Armistice or Remembrance Day is not a public holiday. In July there is a National Day of Commemoration for Irish men and women who died in past wars and on service with the United Nations Peacekeeping Forces. Remembrance Day is observed by the Republic’s citizens who are serving or who have served in the British Armed Forces[23][24] and the wider Irish Protestant community as part of their tradition and heritage.[25][26] The Republic is a neutral state and has its own small army which is involved in UN peacekeeping missions; some citizens of the Republic of Ireland still enlist in the British Army.[27][28][29] The Irish National War Memorial Gardens is an Irish war memorial in Dublin dedicated to the memory of the 49,400 Irish soldiers who were killed in action in World War I.[30] Remembrance Sunday is marked in the Republic by a ceremony in St Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin, which the President of Ireland attends.[31][32][33]

United States

Veterans Day is commemorated in the United States on 11 November, and is both a federal holiday and a state holiday in all states. However, the function of the observance elsewhere is more closely matched by Memorial Day in May. In the United States, and some other allied nations, 11 November was formerly known as Armistice Day; in the United States it was given its new name in 1954 at the end of the Korean War. Most schools, particularly more middle and high schools than some elementary schools, throughout the U.S. usually hold assemblies on a school day prior, with various presentations recognizing teachers and staff members who served in one of the five branches of the United States Armed Forces, as well as remembering the U.S. troops who died in past and present wars, and some patriotic music by a school choir, band and/or orchestra, including songs from a musical used as a tribute to the troops (e.g., "Bring Him Home" from Les Misérables).

Anglican and Roman Catholics

For Anglicans and Roman Catholics, there is a coincidental but appropriate overlap of Remembrance Day with the feast of St. Martin of Tours, a saint famous for putting aside his life as a soldier and turning to the peace-filled life of a monk. Statues or images associated with St. Martin are for this reason sometimes used as symbols of Remembrance Day in religious contexts (e.g. the Anglican Cathedral of Montreal).

Poppies

Wreaths of artificial poppies used as a symbol of remembrance.
Poppies are sold every year as an act of remembrance to fallen soldiers at war.

The poppy's significance to Remembrance Day is a result of Canadian military physician John McCrae's poem In Flanders Fields. The poppy emblem was chosen because of the poppies that bloomed across some of the worst battlefields of Flanders in World War I, their red colour an appropriate symbol for the bloodshed of trench warfare. An American YMCA Overseas War Secretaries employee, Moina Michael, was inspired to make 25 silk poppies based on McCrae's poem, which she distributed to attendees of the YMCA Overseas War Secretaries' Conference.[34] She then made an effort to have the poppy adopted as a national symbol of remembrance, and succeeded in having the National American Legion Conference adopt it two years later. At this conference, a Frenchwoman, Anna E. Guérin, was inspired to introduce the widely used artificial poppies given out today. In 1921 she sent her poppy sellers to London, England, where they were adopted by Field Marshall Douglas Haig, a founder of the Royal British Legion, as well as by veterans' groups in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The annual selling of poppies is the major source of income for the Royal British Legion in the UK. The poppy has no particular price, it is sold for a donation or the price may be suggested by the individual vendor. The black plastic centre of the poppy was marked "Haig Fund" until 1994.[35]

A small number of people choose to wear white poppies to indicate a preference to look forward to peace rather than backward at the sacrifice. Those who wear the white poppy have, since their introduction in the nineteen twenties, expressed their desire for peaceful alternatives to military action, which may be due to a variety of reasons from the religious, the humanitarian, legal or economic. White Poppies may be home-made, or they are sold by the Peace Pledge Union [36] in the U.K. The Co-operative Women's Guild produced White Poppies in 1933, along with white poppy wreaths.[37] Some of the early white poppies were made of white silk and silver, with the word PEACE across the metal button at the centre.

Canada

The Royal Canadian Legion suggests that poppies be worn on the left lapel, or as close to the heart as possible.[38] In Canada, the poppy is the official symbol of remembrance worn during the two weeks prior to November 11, after having been adopted in 1921.

The Canadian poppies consist of two pieces of moulded plastic covered with flocking with a pin to attach them to clothing. The head portion of the pin is bent at an angle in a simple unusual design that requires a unique machine at manufacturing. Originally the poppies were manufactured with a black centre ever since their original design in 1922. From 1980 to 2002 the centres were changed to green to represent the green hills of Flanders. Current designs are black only; this reversion caused notable confusion and controversy to those unfamiliar with the original design.[39]

An older poppy design, in use until c. 1970, involved three pieces: red, then a black piece in the current style but made of felt, then a small circle of green felt in the very centre.

Until 1996, poppies were made by disabled veterans in Canada, but they have since been made by a private contractor.[40]

In 2007, sticker versions of the poppy were developed for children, the elderly, and health care and food industry workers. The stickers were not designed to replace the lapel pin poppies, but merely to allow those who could not normally wear one to do so safely.[41]

United Kingdom

In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland the poppies are mostly paper representatives of the flat Earl Haig variety with a leaf, mounted on a plastic stem. These are the ones vigorously sold on the streets by members of the Royal British Legion in the weeks before Remembrance Day. Wearers require a separate pin to attach the poppy to their clothing. There are also some double red poppies, and also white poppies which are worn as a hope for peace in the future rather than a mark of respect for the glorious dead of the past. These are primarily sold by the Peace Pledge Union but some people make their own as they are harder to find. Some members of the public will wear both a red and a white poppy, but usually it is one or the other. In Scotland the poppies are curled at the petals with no leaf. In Northern Ireland, because the poppy honours soldiers of the British Armed Forces and because of The Troubles, it is worn primarily by members of the Unionist and the Irish Protestant community.

Other Countries

Ex-servicemen and Government representatives laying wreaths in front of the Cenotaph in Central, Hong Kong on Remembrance Sunday

In Australia and New Zealand the poppies are curled at the petals with no leaf.

In Ceylon - present-day Sri Lanka - in the inter-war years, there were rival sales of yellow Suriya (portia tree) flowers by the Suriya-Mal Movement on Remembrance Day, since funds from poppy sales were not used for Sri Lankan ex-service personnel but were repatriated to Britain. However, nowadays poppy sales are used for indigenous ex-service personnel who have been disabled in the ongoing civil war.

In Hong Kong, poppies are sold on the streets by members of the Hong Kong Ex-Servicemen Association on Remembrance Sunday. The poppies are mostly paper representatives of the flat Earl Haig variety with a leaf, mounted on a plastic stem, and resembles those sold in the United Kingdom. The poppies are also worn by many attendants of the multi-faith memorial service by the Cenotaph in Central, Hong Kong on Remembrance Sunday.

In the United States of America, the American Legion distributes crepe-paper poppies in exchange for contributions. "Poppy Day" is usually the same as or near Memorial Day in May.[42] However, many Legion groups also make poppies available around November 11.[43][44]

Name

"Remembrance Day" is the primary designation for the day in many Commonwealth countries such as Australia and Canada. However, "Armistice Day" also remains, often to differentiate the event from Remembrance Sunday, and is the primary designation used in New Zealand and France.

"Poppy Day" is also a popular term used, particularly in Malta and South Africa. Veterans Day also falls upon this day in the United States, yet many other allied nations have quite different Veterans Days.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "The Remembrance Ceremony". rsa.org.nz. http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/rsa_hist_ceremony.html. Retrieved 7 November 2006. 
  2. ↑ A Guide to Commemorative Services - Veterans Affairs Canada
  3. ↑ "Remembrance Day Parade". Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation. CBC. 9 November 2009. 5297144. http://www.cbc.bb/index.pl/article?id=5297144. Retrieved 10 November 2009. 
  4. ↑ Sealy, Donna (9 November 2009). "Salute to war dead". Nation Newspaper. http://www.nationnews.com/news/local/remembrance-day-FRONT-PAGE-OTHER. Retrieved 10 November 2009. 
  5. ↑ "[1]" Bermuda Online honors Bermuda's war veterans.
  6. ↑ Department of Canadian Heritage. "View Visit itinerary by province > Ontario (Toronto, Hamilton and Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ottawa, Petawawa)". Queen's Printer for Canada. http://www.visiteroyale-royalvisit.gc.ca/ont-eng.cfm. Retrieved 6 November 2009. 
  7. ↑ "National Remembrance Day Ceremony 2007". Royal Canadian Legion. http://www.legion.ca/asp/docs/feature/RemDay_e.asp. Retrieved 8 November 2008. 
  8. ↑ "Saskatoon Remembers". News Talk 980. 11 November 2008. http://www.newstalk980.com/story/20081111/8437. Retrieved 6 November 2009. 
  9. ↑ Simcoe, Luke (2008-11-12). "Saskatoon honours its veterans". StarPhoenix. http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/story.html?id=fb63c31d-d2ec-4311-a01d-6cb18d524f87. Retrieved 2008-11-12. 
  10. ↑ New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage: Anzac Day
  11. ↑ NZ Returned Services Association: Poppy Day
  12. ↑ Helen Robinson, 'Lest we Forget? The Fading of New Zealand War Commemorations, 1946-1966', New Zealand Journal of History, 44, 1 (2010).
  13. ↑ NZ Returned Services Association: Armistice Day
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 South African Legion
  15. ↑ Hall, Robert (11 November 1999). "UK War dead remembered". BBC News. BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/515640.stm. Retrieved 11 november 2009. 
  16. ↑ Anon. "The Royal Borough remembers - Remembrance Day and Armistice Day arrangements". The Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead. http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/web/news_14409_remembrance_arrangements_2009.htm. Retrieved 11 November 2009. 
  17. ↑ "War dead remembered". BBC. 11 November 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/515640.stm. Retrieved 5 August 2007. 
  18. ↑ Barrow, Mandy. "Remembrance Day in Britain". Woodlands Junior School. http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/CUSTOMS/Remembrance.html. Retrieved 11 November 2009. 
  19. ↑ Helen Robinson, 'Remembering War in the Midst of Conflict: First World War Commemorations in the Northern Irish Troubles', 20th Century British History, 21, 1 (2010).
  20. ↑ Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, La Grande Guerre des Français 1914-1918 (The Great War of the French 1914-1918), Perrin, 2002
  21. ↑ Les lieux de mémoire (Places of Memory), under the direction of Pierre Nora, Gallimard, Paris, 1997, 3 volumes
  22. ↑ From the Italian government website
  23. ↑ http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/thesomme/p7top.htm
  24. ↑ http://www.4ni.co.uk/northern_ireland_news.asp?id=84826
  25. ↑ http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/index.asp?docID=2744
  26. ↑ http://www.stmaelruains.ie/2007/10/remembrance-day.html
  27. ↑ . http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/north-and-south-of-ireland-fighting-the-taliban-together-13922458.html. 
  28. ↑ http://www.independent.ie/national-news/irish-soldier-killed-in-bomb-blast-told-of-afghan-fears-1470617.html
  29. ↑ http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/jobs-careers/the-irish-recruits-who-fight-for-queen-and-country-1502910.html
  30. ↑ http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/index.asp?docID=2746
  31. ↑ "Northern Ireland honours war dead". BBC News. 11 November 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/1650036.stm. Retrieved 10 April 2010. 
  32. ↑ http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/kfcwauqlaukf/
  33. ↑ http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/1111/6news_av.html?2307800,null,230
  34. ↑ "Where did the idea to sell poppies come from?". BBC News. 10 November 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6133312.stm. Retrieved 10 April 2010. 
  35. ↑ http://www.ppu.org.uk/whitepoppy/index.html
  36. ↑ http://www.ppu.org.uk/whitepoppy/index.html Peace Pledge Union
  37. ↑ http://www.ppu.org.uk/whitepoppy/white_cwg.html
  38. ↑ http://vac-acc.gc.ca/general/sub.cfm?source=teach_resources/poppy
  39. ↑ http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/16wing/news/releases_e.asp?cat=72&id=180
  40. ↑ http://www.legion.ca/Poppy/campaign_e.cfm
  41. ↑ Skikavich, Julia (2008-11-05). "New sticker poppies are catching on". CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/11/05/poppy-stickers.html. Retrieved 2008-11-12. 
  42. ↑ http://www1.va.gov/opa/vetsday/vetday_faq.asp
  43. ↑ http://www.aggie96.com/pages/psa.html?feed=127496&article=4498897
  44. ↑ http://www.thecitizen.com/~citizen0/node/33023

References

External links

http://remembrance-day.org a bi-yearly festival